System Design

Topics: System Design Interview Method: Functional Requirements, Non-Functional Requirements, and Scope

Topics: Back-of-the-Envelope Estimation: Traffic, Storage, Bandwidth, QPS, and Concurrency

Topics: Networking Foundations for System Design: IP, TCP/UDP, TLS, HTTP, and Connection Costs

Topics: DNS, Naming, Service Discovery, and Global Traffic Routing

Topics: Proxies, Reverse Proxies, Load Balancers, and API Gateways

Topics: CDNs, Edge Caching, Static Assets, and Edge Compute

Topics: Scaling Compute: Vertical/Horizontal Scaling, Stateless Services, Autoscaling, and Load Shedding

Topics: Storage Model Selection: Relational, Document, Key-Value, Wide-Column, Graph, and Time-Series

Topics: Indexes, Access Patterns, Query Models, and Read/Write Amplification

Topics: Replication: Leaders, Followers, Multi-Leader, Quorums, and Replication Lag

Topics: Partitioning and Sharding: Keys, Rebalancing, Routing, and Hotspots

Topics: Consistency Models, CAP, PACELC, Quorums, and Session Guarantees

Topics: Caching I: Cache-Aside, Read-Through, Write-Through/Behind, and Cache Placement

Topics: Caching II: TTL, Eviction, Invalidation, Stampedes, Hot Keys, and Consistency

Topics: Queues, Message Brokers, Pub/Sub, and Streams

Topics: Service Communication: REST, RPC/gRPC, GraphQL, WebSockets, SSE, and Polling

Topics: Identifiers, Time, Ordering, UUIDs, Snowflake IDs, and Distributed Clocks

Topics: Rate Limiting, Quotas, Backpressure, and Admission Control

Topics: Reliability Patterns: Timeouts, Retries, Exponential Backoff, Jitter, Circuit Breakers, and Bulkheads

Topics: Idempotency, Deduplication, Delivery Semantics, and Exactly-Once Myths

Topics: Distributed Transactions, Sagas, Transactional Outbox, CDC, and Compensation

Topics: Consensus, Leader Election, Distributed Locks, and Coordination

Topics: Search Systems: Inverted Indexes, Tokenization, Ranking, Shards, and Index Freshness

Topics: Object Storage, File Uploads, Media Processing, and Content Addressing

Topics: Security Architecture: Authentication, Authorization, Secrets, Encryption, Network Boundaries, and Abuse

Topics: Observability: Logs, Metrics, Traces, Correlation, RED/USE, and Alerting

Topics: Availability, Reliability, SLOs, SLIs, Error Budgets, and Capacity Headroom

Topics: Multi-Tenancy: Shared Tables, Schemas, Databases, Isolation, Noisy Neighbors, and Tenant Routing

Topics: Disaster Recovery, Backups, RPO/RTO, Multi-Zone/Region Design, and Game Days

Topics: Cloud Architecture: VMs, Containers, Kubernetes Concepts, Serverless, and Managed Services

Topics: Performance Engineering, Tail Latency, Throughput, Batching, Compression, and Cost

Topics: Case Study: URL Shortener

Topics: Case Study: Chat and Presence System

Topics: Case Study: Notification Platform

Topics: Case Study: News Feed / Timeline

Topics: Case Study: E-Commerce Orders, Inventory, and Payments

Topics: Case Study: File Storage and Sync

Topics: Case Study: Ticket Booking and Scarce Resource Reservation

Topics: System Design Checkpoint: End-to-End Timed Design, Trade-Off Defense, and Review